Two depots, one shared map

Two depots can each protect their own patch of the map—or share vehicles and customers when the boundary gets in the way. But a lower system-wide bill is not enough if one depot pays more for joining in.

In the paper's 50-customer Beijing simulation, coordinated delivery used five vehicles rather than seven. Total cost fell by 8.01% and total emissions by 14.12%, even though total distance increased by 10.16%.

Then comes the quieter question: who receives the savings? Under the paper's two-depot Shapley allocation, each center saved 114.32 yuan against its independent-distribution cost. Their savings rates differed—16.62% for center A and 5.28% for center B—because their starting costs were different.